> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://mintlify.com/colinhacks/zod/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Email Validation

> Validate email addresses with z.email()

## Overview

The `z.email()` function creates a schema that validates email addresses according to a relaxed RFC 5322 standard.

```typescript theme={null}
import { z } from "zod";

const emailSchema = z.email();
```

**Location in source:** `~/workspace/source/packages/zod/src/v4/classic/schemas.ts:455`

## Basic Usage

```typescript theme={null}
const emailSchema = z.email();

emailSchema.parse("user@example.com"); // ✓ passes
emailSchema.parse("invalid@"); // ✗ throws ZodError
```

## Validation Rules

The email validator accepts a wide range of valid email formats:

### Valid Email Formats

* Standard format: `email@domain.com`
* With dots: `firstname.lastname@domain.com`
* Subdomains: `email@subdomain.domain.com`
* Plus addressing: `firstname+lastname@domain.com`
* Numbers: `1234567890@domain.com`
* Hyphens in domain: `email@domain-one.com`
* Underscores: `_______@domain.com`
* Multiple TLDs: `email@domain.co.jp`
* Hyphens in local part: `firstname-lastname@domain.com`
* Single character: `x@example.com`
* Short domains: `a@b.cd`

### Invalid Email Formats

The validator rejects:

* Missing domain: `@domain.com`
* Missing @ symbol: `email.domain.com`
* Multiple @ symbols: `email@domain@domain.com`
* Leading/trailing dots: `.email@domain.com`, `email.@domain.com`
* Consecutive dots: `email..email@domain.com`
* Invalid domain: `email@domain`
* Domain starting with hyphen: `email@-domain.com`
* Non-ASCII characters: `あいうえお@domain.com`
* Quoted strings: `"email"@domain.com` (not supported)
* IP addresses: `email@123.123.123.123` (not supported)
* IPv6 addresses: `email@[IPv6:...]` (not supported)

## Examples

### Basic Validation

```typescript theme={null}
const schema = z.email();

schema.parse("user@example.com"); // ✓ passes
schema.parse("firstname.lastname@company.co.uk"); // ✓ passes
schema.parse("invalid@"); // ✗ throws
```

### Custom Error Message

```typescript theme={null}
const schema = z.email("Please enter a valid email address");

const result = schema.safeParse("invalid-email");
if (!result.success) {
  console.log(result.error.issues[0].message);
  // "Please enter a valid email address"
}
```

### Combining with Other Validations

```typescript theme={null}
const schema = z.email()
  .min(10, "Email must be at least 10 characters")
  .max(100, "Email must not exceed 100 characters")
  .toLowerCase();

schema.parse("SHORT@E.CO"); // ✗ fails min length check
schema.parse("longemail@example.com"); // ✓ passes and converts to lowercase
```

### In Object Schemas

```typescript theme={null}
const userSchema = z.object({
  email: z.email(),
  name: z.string(),
});

userSchema.parse({
  email: "user@example.com",
  name: "John Doe"
}); // ✓ passes
```

## Parameters

The `email()` function accepts an optional parameter:

```typescript theme={null}
z.email(params?: string | EmailParams)
```

* `string`: Custom error message
* `EmailParams`: Object with:
  * `message?: string`: Custom error message

## Return Type

Returns a `ZodEmail` schema that validates and returns strings.

```typescript theme={null}
type Output = string;
type Input = string;
```

<Note>
  The email validator uses a practical implementation that balances correctness with usability. It does not support all technically valid RFC 5322 formats (like quoted strings or IP addresses) to avoid common security issues and edge cases.
</Note>

## Related Methods

* [z.string()](/api/primitives/string) - Base string validation
* [z.url()](/api/formats/url) - URL validation